MIT ChE Class 1966

MIT ChE Class 1966

The year 2016 makes the 50th anniversary of our class. From this inauspicious beginnings we rose as one group of individuals in our chosen profession in the mother country and our beloved USA. We became a part of a huge extended family, no matter the miles that separate us, yet find unity in a common experience and purpose.. Forever classmates...AMOR PATRIAE

Monday, March 31, 2014

SEARCH FOR THE HOLY GRAIL

 

SEARCH FOR THE HOLY GRAIL

   

File:Galahad grail.jpg

Galahad, Bors, and Percival achieve the Grail. Tapestry woven by Morris & Co.. Wool and silk on cotton warp, Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery.

grail

The gold encrusted chalice (left) has been sat in the Basilica of San Isidoro in Leon (right), north Spain, for 1000 years - touted to visitors as a goblet belonging to 11th century Queen Urraca. But now, two historians have revealed a theory which shows there is 'no doubt' Jesus Christ's onyx chalice, used at the Last Supper (center), is hidden inside.

 

The word graal, as it is earliest spelled, comes from Old French graal or greal, cognate with Old Provençal grazal and Old Catalan gresal, meaning "a cup or bowl of earth, wood, or metal" (or other various types of vessels in different Occitan dialects).The most commonly accepted etymology derives it fromLatin gradalis or gradale via an earlier form, cratalis, a derivative of crater or cratus which was, in turn, borrowed from Greek krater (a large wine-mixing vessel). Alternate suggestions include a derivative of cratis, a name for a type of woven basket that came to refer to a dish, or a derivative of Latin gradus meaning "'by degree', 'by stages', applied to a dish brought to the table in different stages or services during a meal". The Grail was considered a bowl or dish when first described by Chrétien de Troyes. Hélinand of Froidmont described a grail as a "wide and deep saucer" (scutella lata et aliquantulum profunda). Other authors had their own ideas: Robert de Boron portrayed it as the vessel of the Last Supper; and Peredurhad no Grail per se, presenting the hero instead with a platter containing his kinsman's bloody, severed head. In Parzival, Wolfram von Eschenbach, citing the authority of a certain (probably fictional) Kyot the Provençal, claimed the Grail was a stone (called lapis exillis) that fell from Heaven, and had been the sanctuary of the neutral angels who took neither side during Lucifer's rebellion. The authors of the Vulgate Cycle used the Grail as a symbol of divine grace. Galahad, illegitimate son of Lancelot and Elaine, the world's greatest knight and the Grail Bearer at the castle of Corbenic, is destined to achieve the Grail, his spiritual purity making him a greater warrior than even his illustrious father. Galahad and the interpretation of the Grail involving him were picked up in the 15th century by Sir Thomas Malory in Le Morte d'Arthur, and remain popular today.

According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, after the cycle of Grail romances was well established, late medieval writers came up with a false etymology forsangréal, an alternative name for "Holy Grail." In Old French, san graal or san gréal means "Holy Grail" and sang réal means "royal blood"; later writers played on this pun. Since then, "Sang real" is sometimes employed to lend a medievalising air in referring to the Holy Grail. This connection with royal blood bore fruit in a modern bestseller linking many historical conspiracy theories.

 

File:Holy-grail-valencia.jpg

One of the supposed Holy Grails in Valencia, Spain

Belief in the Grail and interest in its potential whereabouts has never ceased. Ownership has been attributed to various groups (including the Knights Templar, probably because they were at the peak of their influence around the time that Grail stories started circulating in the 12th and 13th centuries).

On March 25 2014, Margarita Torres and José Ortega del Río presented in Leon a co-written book, "Los Reyes del Grial" (The Kings of the Grail)where they describe how a Spanish Arabist and Historian, Doctor Gustavo Turienzo, found two medieval Egyptian documents in al Azhar (Cairo). In those documents, written in Arabic, can be read that the Holy Grail was taken to the city of Leon (Spain) in the XI century.

There are cups claimed to be the Grail in several churches, for instance the Saint Mary of Valencia Cathedral, which contains an artifact, the Valencia Chalice, supposedly taken by Saint Peter to Rome in the 1st century, and then to Huesca in Spain by Saint Lawrence in the 3rd century. According to legend, the monastery of San Juan de la Peña, located at the south-west of Jaca, in the province of Huesca, Spain, protected the chalice of the Last Supper from the Islamic invaders of the Iberian Peninsula. Antonio Beltrán says the artifact is a 1st-century Middle Eastern stone vessel, possibly from Antioch, Syria (now Turkey); its history can be traced to the 11th century, and it now rests atop an ornate stem and base, made in the Medieval era of alabaster, gold, and gemstones. It was the official papal chalice for many popes, and has been used by many others, most recently by Pope Benedict XVI, on July 9, 2006.[16] The emerald chalice at Genoa,[17] which was obtained during theCrusades at Caesarea Maritima at great cost, has been less championed as the Holy Grail since an accident on the road, while it was being returned from Paris after the fall of Napoleon, revealed that the emerald was green glass.

In Wolfram von Eschenbach's telling, the Grail was kept safe at the castle of Munsalvaesche (mons salvationis), entrusted to Titurel, the first Grail King. Some, not least the Benedictine monks of Montserrat, have identified the castle with the real sanctuary of Montserrat in Catalonia, Spain. Other stories claim that the Grail is buried beneath Rosslyn Chapel or lies deep in the spring at Glastonbury Tor. Still other stories claim that a secret line of hereditary protectors keep the Grail, or that it was hidden by the Templars in Oak Island, Nova Scotia's famous "Money Pit", while local folklore in Accokeek, Marylandsays that it was brought to the town by a closeted priest aboard Captain John Smith's ship. Turn of the century accounts state that Irish partisans of the Clan Dhuir (O'Dwyer, Dwyer) transported the Grail to the United States during the 19th Century and the Grail was kept by their descendants in secrecy in a small abbey in the upper-Northwest (now believed to be Southern Minnesota).

It is a mystery dating back millennia.

But apparently, the long-lost Holy Grail has finally been found - on display in a Spanish museum.

The onyx chalice has been sat in the Basilica of San Isidoro in Leon, north Spain, for 1000 years - touted to visitors as a goblet belonging to 11th century Queen Urraca.

The Holy Grail? There is no doubt this chalice, which once belonged to Queen Urraca of Spain, contains the onyx goblet Jesus Christ drank from at the Last Supper, two Spanish historians have claimed

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The Holy Grail? There is no doubt this chalice, which once belonged to Queen Urraca of Spain, contains the onyx goblet Jesus Christ drank from at the Last Supper, two Spanish historians have claimed

On show: It has sat in the Basilica of San Isidoro in Leon, north Spain, for 1000 years and went on display when the church opened its museum in the 1950s

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On show: It has sat in the Basilica of San Isidoro in Leon, north Spain, for 1000 years and went on display when the church opened its museum in the 1950s

But in fact, there is 'no doubt' it contains the cup which touched the lips of Jesus Christ, two historians claim.

In an explosive book charting three years of 'scientific research', Margarita Torres and Jose Ortiza del Rio reveal there is conclusive evidence from scrolls in Egypt that confirm their theory.

The onyx vessel made between 200 BC and 100 AD, they claim, is trapped inside a bejewelled medieval chalice.

According to two medieval documents written in Arabic, it was stolen from Jerusalem by Muslims, who gave it to the Christian community in Egypt.

On show: The onyx chalice is in the Basilica of San Isidoro in Leon, north Spain touted as a goblet belonging to 11th century Queen Urraca

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On show: The onyx chalice is in the Basilica of San Isidoro in Leon, north Spain touted as a goblet belonging to 11th century Queen Urraca

The cup was used by Jesus then centuries later gifted to Spain by Egyptian royalty as a thank you for sending aid during a famine, they claim

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The cup was used by Jesus then centuries later gifted to Spain by Egyptian royalty as a thank you for sending aid during a famine, they claim

Margarita Torres and Jose Miguel Ortega del Rio claim Arabic manuscripts prove Christ's onyx chalice was stolen from Jerusalem by Muslims and disguised with jewels

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Margarita Torres and Jose Miguel Ortega del Rio claim Arabic manuscripts prove Christ's onyx chalice was stolen from Jerusalem by Muslims and disguised with jewels

Centuries later, in around 1050 AD, it was sent as a gift to King Fernando I of Castile to thank him for sending aid during a famine, they say.

By that point, it had been concealed with opulent decorations.

Gold inside, with patterns etched around the edges, the revered ornament is covered with pearls, emeralds, amethysts and sapphires, which the Egyptian kings will have designed to honour the well-liked Fernando.

It was given to Queen Urraca, daughter of Fernando I, king from 1037 to 1065

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It was given to Queen Urraca, daughter of Fernando I, king from 1037 to 1065

It was housed and used in the Basilica of San Isidoro, where it remained in storage until it was put on display in the museum which opened in the 1950s.

Ms Torres, a history professor at the University of Leon, said: 'The only chalice that could be considered the chalice of Christ is one which went via Cairo to León, and this chalice did so.

'This is a very important discovery because it helps solve a big puzzle.

'We believe this could be start of a wonderful stage of research.'

IS THIS REALLY IT? THEORY IS ONE OF COUNTLESS OVER THE YEARS

Indiana Jones And The Last Crusade charts one of the most famous theories: SS chief Heinrich Himmler travelled to Spain during WWII believing the grail was at the Montserrat Abbey near Barcelona

Indiana Jones And The Last Crusade charts one of the most famous theories: SS chief Heinrich Himmler travelled to Spain during WWII believing the grail was at the Montserrat Abbey near Barcelona

This is hardly the first time a church or museum has laid claim on the historical phenomenon.

The Saint Mary of Valencia Cathedral houses the Valencia Chalice, a top contender for the title.

Having been used as the official chalice for many popes, it is a popular theory amongst Catholics.

Many believe it was taken from Jerusalem to Rome by Saint Peter before 100 AD.

Saint Lawrence, the story continues, then took it to Huesca in Spain in the third century, where it was protected by monks from Islamic invaders, before making its way to its current home.

An emerald chalice at Genoa was hotly tipped during the 1700s - until it, being transported from one holding place to another, it was dropped and restorers discovered it was merely green glass.

Last year, it emerged S.S. chief Heinrich Himmler allegedly visited Spain during the war because he believed the grail was at the Montserrat Abbey near Barcelona.

It was a failed expedition, but one that inspired the blockbuster hit Indiana Jones And The Last Crusade, in which Harrison Ford treks to find the revered vessel.

 

 

 




 

Nazi search for the Holy Grail which inspired Indiana Jones

  • Revealed in exhibition 'Dig for Germania. Archaeology under the Swastika'
  • The show, in Bremen, Germany, says Himmler visited Spain to hunt for Grail
  • He mistakenly thought it was hidden at Montserrat Abbey near Barcelona

A new exhibition in Germany about archaeology under the Nazis shows how the regime launched a 'Last Crusade' expedition in wartime to find the Holy Grail from the Last Supper of Christ.

In the 1989 Last Crusade movie, Indiana Jones played by Harrison Ford was on the quest for the grail - and he was in competition with the Nazis.

Now truth turns out to be stranger than fiction in the exhibition 'Dig for Germania. Archaeology under the Swastika' in Bremen. It tells how S.S. chief Heinrich Himmler allegedly visited Spain during the war because he believed the grail was at the Montserrat Abbey near Barcelona.

Real-life echo: In the Last Crusade movie, Indiana Jones played by Harrison Ford was on the quest for the grail - and he was in competition with the Nazis

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Real-life echo: In the Last Crusade movie, Indiana Jones played by Harrison Ford was on the quest for the grail - and he was in competition with the Nazis

The chief architect and manager of the Nazi Holocaust believed that finding the grail 'would help Germany win the war and give him supernatural powers.'

Squads of S.S. men searched in vain for the grail. The S.S. budget for such projects was vast as the Nazis intended their finds to rewrite history to prove Germans were the greatest race in all history.

Before Hitler came to power there were just a handful of professorships in archaeology; afterwards there were 24, all tasked with promoting this claptrap theory while finding as many rare artefacts as possible from around the globe.

'If we want to again become a large, single people, we must build on the time, where the Nordic racial nucleus was still pure and unadulterated and which combined with a splendid culture which influenced all over Europe,' said Hans Reinerth, Hitler's favourite archaeologist.

Hocus pocus: Heinrich Himmler, left, shared the hocus-pocus belief with his boss Hitler that Jesus Christ was actually descended from Aryan stock and that the Holy Grail would help Germany win the war

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Hocus pocus: Heinrich Himmler, left, shared the hocus-pocus belief with his boss Hitler that Jesus Christ was actually descended from Aryan stock and visited Spain in search of the Grail

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Hocus pocus: Heinrich Himmler, left, shared the hocus-pocus belief with his boss Adolf Hitler, right, that Jesus Christ was actually descended from Aryan stock and visited Spain in search of the Grail

Hunting on a hunch: Himmler believed the grail was at the Montserrat Abbey near Barcelona

Hunting on a hunch: Himmler believed the grail was at the Montserrat Abbey near Barcelona but never found it

Far from being the 'King of the Jews,' Himmler shared the hocus-pocus belief with his boss Hitler that Jesus Christ was actually descended from Aryan stock - the race which Hitler decreed was to rule the world for 1,000 years.

'This is the time of Germanic antiquity, the German prehistory', he added. Visitors to the exhibition are informed: 'The Nazis sought to establish the image of blonde, blue-eyed heroes and conquerors who were the ancestors of the Germans and that their race was summoned for world domination.'

When the Nazi war machine rolled eastwards to conquer the Soviet Union in 1941, the archaeologists were in their wake, using slave labourers to dig up evidence of 'German superior race-colonies' that inhabited the lands back in the distant past.

The exhibition tells the visitor that many died in the hunt for artefacts trying to underwrite this racial myth.

Nazi hunters: The exhibition is at Bremen's Focke Museum, pictured, and is called 'Dig for Germania. Archaeology under the Swastika'

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Nazi hunters: The exhibition is at Bremen's Focke Museum, pictured, and is called 'Dig for Germania. Archaeology under the Swastika'

'Archaeologists often planned these crimes or worked on their own initiative', said historian of Dirk Mahsarski, who curated the exhibition hall at the Bremen Focke Museum. 'There are a whole bunch of archaeologists of whom we can safely say that they knew about the Holocaust and the suffering of forced laborers.'

The exhibition chronicles how two of the Third Reich's most powerful men - Himmler and Alfred Rosenberg, the Nazi party racial philosopher - competed with separate archaeological teams to dig for artefacts to support Nazi theories. Himmler even sent a team of S.S. men to Tibet before the war to try to discover the mythical lost kingdom of Shangri La.

Mostly the Nazis discovered pottery and bits of jewellery, all of which were used to promote their berserk racial theories; the treasure, like the Holy Grail, eluded them.

Read more:
 

 

Josephe with the Holy Grail

Christ appears to a hermit in a vision, holding a book containing the true history of the Holy Grail. From History of the Holy Grail, French manuscript, early 14th century
Copyright © The British Library Board



Sunday, March 30, 2014

WARS between nations and food shortages:DISAPPEARANCE OF GLACIERS

 

WARS between nations and food shortages:DISAPPEARANCE OF GLACIERS 

UN report warns of the devastating effects of global warming which could lead to WARS between nations and food shortages

  • Ski-resorts would disappear and Caribbean beaches would be wiped out
  • Immediate action needed to cut greenhouse gases, report warns
  • Report suggests that climate change will create 'pockets of vulnerability'
  • If temperatures barely rise, crop yields could drop by 2 per cent a decade
  • London needs protection from flooding and high summer temperatures
  • In recent years research has found more links between climate and conflict

Climate change will complicate and make global security problems worse causing civil wars and conflict between nations, a UN report to be released tomorrow will say.

There would be devastating food shortages in Africa, Alpine ski-resorts would disappear and Caribbean beaches would be wiped out, according to the Nobel Peace Prize-winning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Professor Chris Field, the report's lead author of the Carnegie Institution of Science in California,
has warned that without immediate action to cut greenhouse gases the world faces an uncertain future.

Climate change will have a devastating effect on all parts of the world including food shortages in Africa according to a UN report

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Climate change will have a devastating effect on all parts of the world including food shortages in Africa according to a UN report

The report will suggest that climate change will create 'pockets of vulnerability' around the globe.

Those most at risk will be indigenous farmers in hot countries. If temperatures barely rise, crop yields could drop by 2 per cent a decade.

It is believed in the next century there will be an increase in temperature of between 1C and 2C.

Ski-resorts along the Appalachian mountains in northeastern U.S. and the Alps will be a thing of the past because of warmer temperatures

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Ski-resorts along the Appalachian mountains in northeastern U.S. and the Alps will be a thing of the past because of warmer temperatures

The publication says London needs protection from the risk of flooding as well as increasing temperatures in the summer.

Field, who is preparing the launch of the report in Yokohama, Japan, told The Sunday Times: 'It is not
just about loss of life among the poor.

'Wealthy people can be vulnerable too especially as a result of poor planning.'

A report that political leaders read in early 2007 didn't mention security issues he said.

'There's enough smoke there that we really need to pay attention to this,' said Ohio University
security and environment professor Geoff Dabelko, one of the lead authors of the report's chapter on security and climate change.

Caribbean beaches and other small islands which tend to be shallowcould disappear by rising sea levels

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Caribbean beaches and other small islands which tend to be shallowcould disappear by rising sea levels

Temperatures rising: A commuter crosses London Bridge during London's heatwave last year

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Temperatures rising: A commuter crosses London Bridge during London's heatwave last year

Over the past seven years, research in social science has found more links between climate and conflict.

The U.S. Defence Department called climate change a 'threat multiplier' to go with poverty, political instability and social tensions worldwide.

GLOBAL WARMING: THE NUMBERS

FLOODING

24in - Sea level rise predicted by 2090s

18ft - Potential rise by 2500 if emissions keep increasing

FOOD SHORTAGES

-2C per cent - Decline in yields of wheat, rice and maize per decade from 2030

+14 per cent - Increase in demand per decade as population grows

DECLINE OF SKIING

Warmer climate is already melting Alpine glaciers

Low-level resorts could lose snow first

Downhill ski resorts could use snow machines

Warming will trigger new problems but also provide countries new opportunities for resources and
shipping routes in places such as the melting Arctic, the Pentagon report says.

After the climate panel's 2007 report, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon wrote that along with other causes, the conflict in the Darfur region of western Sudan 'began as an ecological crisis, arising at least in part from climate change.'

'Climate change will not directly cause conflict - but it will exacerbate issues of poor governance,
resource inequality and social unrest,' retired U.S. Navy Adm. David Titley, now a Pennsylvania State University professor of meteorology, wrote in an email.

'The Arab Spring and Syria are two recent examples.'

But Titley, who wasn't part of the IPCC report, says 'if you are already living in a place affected by
violent conflict - I suspect climate change becomes the least of your worries.'

'If you think it's hard to predict rainfall in one spot 100 years from now, it's even harder to predict social stability,' said Jeff Severinghaus, a climate scientist at the Scripps Institution for Oceanography who isn't part of this climate panel.

'Obviously that's going to be controversial. The most important thing is that it's going to be talked
about.'

The report will suggest that climate change will create 'pockets of vulnerability' around the globe

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The report will suggest that climate change will create 'pockets of vulnerability' around the globe

Severinghaus and other scientists say this will be one of the more contentious issues as the panel
representing more than 100 nations.

Observers said the closed door meeting went through the security and climate section on Sunday, in the hurried last hours of editing.

The chapter on national security says there is 'robust evidence' that 'human security will be
progressively threatened as climate changes.'

An aerial view of the River Thames in Walton on Thames after it burst its banks earlier this year

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An aerial view of the River Thames in Walton on Thames after it burst its banks earlier this year

It says it can destabilise the world in multiple ways by making it harder for people to make a living,
increasing mass migrations, and making it harder for countries to keep control of their populations.

The migration issue is big because as refugees flee storms and other climate problems, that adds to
security issues, the report and scientists say.

While some climate scientists, environmental groups and politicians see the conflict-climate link as
logical and clear, others emphasise nuances in research.

A change is coming: Temperatures have increased over the Arctic due to dramatic recent decline in sea ice cover

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A change is coming: Temperatures have increased over the Arctic due to dramatic recent decline in sea ice cover

Joshua Goldstein, an international relations professor and expert on conflict at the University of
Massachusetts, says it is probably weaker than people think.

It's not as a big a problem as other impacts from climate change, like those on ecosystems, weather
disasters and economic costs, he says.

  • Dr Williams blamed lifestyle of Western countries for climate change
  • UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to release report
  • Expected to warn of catastrophic consequences to food supplies, livelihoods, health and security across the world

 

Former archbishop of Canterbury Dr Rowan Williams has spoken of his fears for the global climate

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Former archbishop of Canterbury Dr Rowan Williams has spoken of his fears for the global climate

Former archbishop of Canterbury Dr Rowan Williams has spoken of his fears for the global climate, saying the winter flooding was a portent of what is to come in the future.

He has blamed the lifestyle of Western countries for climate change, which he said is 'pushing the environment towards crisis'.

He said the floods in Britain and similar weather-related catastrophes around the world are the clearest indications yet that predictions of 'accelerated warming of the Earth' caused by the uncontrolled burning of fossil fuels... 'are coming true'.

His comments come as the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) prepares to release a major report that is expected to warn of catastrophic consequences to food supplies, livelihoods, health and security across the world if climate change is allowed to continue unchecked.

Leaked versions of the report, published in Japan tomorrow, warn that rising global temperatures, droughts and heat waves will threaten food supplies and human health, while hundreds of millions of people will be affected by coastal flooding.

Climate change will cause economic losses, exacerbate poverty and increase migration and risks from violent conflict as well as causing damage to wildlife and habitats, the study by experts from around the world is expected to warn. In Europe, heatwaves, droughts and heavy rainstorms will increase and there will be a greater risk of coastal and river flooding, it is expected to say, while heat-related deaths will also increase.

The report, which collates work by thousands of scientists from across the planet, is likely to state that global warming has already left its mark on all continents and oceans, and is expected to warn that even a small increase in temperatures could lead to irreversible changes.

Residents struggling to move in the flood water in Shepperton, Surrey, during the floods in February

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Residents struggling to move in the flood water in Shepperton, Surrey, during the floods in February

Energy Secretary Ed Davey has also declared that Britain must spearhead the worldwide battle against global warming.

Climate change is 'hugely threatening' to life both in the UK and globally, Mr Davey told The Observer, saying that not to lead the fight against it would be 'deeply irresponsible'.

Mr Davey, whose portfolio also involves responsibility for climate change, said more people should be worried about the issue than ever.

Energy Secretary Ed Davey has also declared that Britain must spearhead the worldwide battle against global warming

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Energy Secretary Ed Davey has also declared that Britain must spearhead the worldwide battle against global warming

The Lib Dem MP said: 'Climate change is impacting our way of life in the UK... The impacts on our people could be huge. We could see problems of real devastation from flooding and other severe weather events hitting food and water availability - really significant things.'

He added: 'Climate change is hugely threatening to our way of life, in the UK, Europe and the world. Not to lead is deeply irresponsible. If you don't lead, you will not bring others with you.'

Britain has made recent decisions that put the environmental agenda low on its list of priorities, scrapping green levies from energy bills and defeating efforts in Europe to set renewable energy targets for 2030 for each nation, the newspaper said.

But Mr Davey was adamant that climate change sceptics in the Government had been defeated, saying: 'Those of us who care about climate change and believe it is something we need to lead on have won the argument internally. People don't realise that we got a deal across the coalition that puts Britain right at the head, the most ambitious country.'

He added that Britain had agreed to slash emissions by 50 per cent by 2030 as part of a global deal.
Dr Williams, who stepped down as leader of the Anglican Church just over a year ago, said tomorrow's report puts 'our local problems into a deeply disturbing global context'.

Writing in his capacity as chairman of Christian Aid, he said: 'We have heard for years the predictions that the uncontrolled burning of fossil fuels will lead to an accelerated warming of the Earth.

'What is now happening indicates that these predictions are coming true; our actions have had consequences that are deeply threatening for many of the poorest communities in the world.

'Rich, industrialised countries, including our own, have unquestionably contributed most to atmospheric pollution. Both our present lifestyle and the industrial history of how we created such possibilities for ourselves have to bear the responsibility for pushing the environment in which we live towards crisis.'

Sign of what is to come: An aerial view of the River Thames after it burst its banks following bad weather in Weybridge

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Sign of what is to come: An aerial view of the River Thames after it burst its banks following bad weather in Weybridge

Campaigners yesterday warned that the world faces a 'bleak future' without action to tackle climate change and leading environmentalists called on politicians to break the world's dependency on fossil fuels.

Friends of the Earth's executive director Andy Atkins said: 'We face a bleak future if the world continues to ignore the grim scientific warnings of our failure to tackle global warming.

'Droughts, floods and famines are just some of the devastating effects that people around the world are already suffering from more frequent extreme weather - and, unless we take urgent measure, it will get far worse.'

A man tries to protect his home in Staines, Middlesex, after the River Thames caused flooding earlier this year

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A man tries to protect his home in Staines, Middlesex, after the River Thames caused flooding earlier this year

Sally Uren, chief executive of Forum for the Future, which advises businesses and governments on sustainability, said: 'The IPCC report should be read as a vital wake-up call.

'It is now more clear than ever that the risk to society from climate change is real and that large-scale action is needed now, by all of us, to both cut our carbon emissions, and also to accelerate the pace at which we adapt to a rapidly changing climate.'

Yesterday major landmarks in the UK and across the globe switched off their lights for 60 minutes to mark Earth Hour, the World Wildlife Fund campaign to raise environmental awareness.

Big Ben, the Houses of Parliament and Buckingham Palace all went dark, along with Edinburgh Castle, Brighton Pier, the Eiffel Tower and Sydney Opera House.

The economic impact of global warming was ramped up in the final draft by the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

Shortly before authors wrote the final version, a British Government official passed scientists a note complaining about an earlier, more moderate draft.

British officials were last night accused of 'political interference' in a crucial report on international climate change

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British officials were last night accused of 'political interference' in a crucial report on international climate change

The official, from Ed Davey’s Department for Energy and Climate Change, said the economic section of the report was at best an ‘under-estimate’ and at worst ‘completely meaningless’.

The final document, published today in Japan, increases the predicted economic impact of global warming.

Critics said the suggestion of political interference by the Coalition, which set out to be the ‘greenest government ever’, was alarming.

Tory MP Peter Bone said: ‘It is always the same with climate change. If the facts don’t suit them, they change it to suit them. ‘A Government official interfering with an independent scientific report is ridiculous. What you want … is what the independent scientific community thinks – not what people want them to say for their political purposes.’

The IPCC report is the first comprehensive analysis in seven years of the global consequences of climate change. It warns that the world is ‘ill-prepared’ and that the effects are ‘already occurring on all continents and across the oceans’.

Rising temperatures, droughts and heatwaves will threaten food supplies and human health, while hundreds of millions of people will be hit by coastal flooding, it finds.

block 4.jpg

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The report, by more than 300 authors, informs policy decisions of governments around the world.

But one of its contributors has accused the IPCC of being too ‘alarmist’ – and demanded his name be withdrawn. Professor Richard Tol, an economist at the University of Sussex, said the drafts had been changed to make the findings more ‘apocalyptic’. He said colleagues ‘drifted too far to the alarmist side’ and were likening climate change to the ‘four horsemen of the apocalypse’.

His section of the report, based on 18 economic studies, predicted in early drafts that global warming of 2.5C would cut economic output by between 0.2 and 2 per cent a year – much less than previous estimates of up to 20 per cent.

But the final IPCC report labels his predictions ‘incomplete estimates’. It states: ‘Losses are more likely than not to be greater … than this range.’

Britain, among other nations, lobbied for this highly significant change. On Friday, before final drafting discussions, the British government submitted a note faulting the draft.

It said: ‘The quoted figures of 0.2 to 2 per cent of GDP [gross domestic product] are at best an under-estimate, and at worst completely meaningless.’

Other governments including Belgium, France and Norway also complained. But Chris Field, co-chair of the IPCC writers, last night dismissed criticism of the last-minute alteration and said the final report gave a ‘much clearer picture’.

Despite praising Professor Tol as a ‘wonderful scientist’, Professor Field of Stanford University, added: ‘There were a couple of meaningful errors in the way Richard had done his analysis.’

Mr Davey said: ‘The science has spoken … This evidence builds the case for early action … We cannot afford to wait.’ A DECC spokesman said climate change impacts could be ‘catastrophic’, adding: ‘These cannot be underestimated and the UK Government, as well as other countries, are seeking to make sure this is understood the world over.’

But Professor Gordon Hughes, an environmental economist at Edinburgh University, said: ‘The IPCC has been a political body ever since it started … this is political interference.’ 

 

 

 

 

     

Woman, 32, dedicates her entire life to capturing sublime beauty of glaciers (but will never succeed because they keep melting!)

These stunning images are the work of the real-life 'Ice Queen', photographer Marketa Kalvachova.

The 32-year-old from the Czech Republic has devoted her life to capturing the beauty of the majestic glaciers found in Iceland and Greenland.

     

While there may be a limited supply of glaciers, the visionary photographer says her mission will never be complete thanks to the constantly changing nature of the landscape.

'I love the many different shades of blue you can find when you look harder,' Ms Kalvachova says. 'The lagoons and waterfalls make for out of this world pictures and the more you see the more breathtaking they become.'

Stunning: Marketa Kalvachova has devoted her life to photographing Iceland's beautiful glaciers

Stunning: Marketa Kalvachova has devoted her life to photographing Iceland's beautiful glaciers

Landscape: This floe in eastern Greenland shows that animal life can co-exist with the glaciers

Landscape: This floe in eastern Greenland shows that animal life can co-exist with the glaciers

Cave: The glaciers can be as spectacular from the inside as they are outside, as this photograph of Solheimajokull proves

Cave: The glaciers can be as spectacular from the inside as they are outside, as this photograph of Solheimajokull proves

Active: The Icelandic landscape may seem dead but it can in fact be vividly alive with geological activity

Active: The Icelandic landscape may seem dead but it can in fact be vividly alive with geological activity

Mission: Ms Kalvachova, pictured, moved from Eastern Europe to Iceland in 2006

Mission: Ms Kalvachova, pictured, moved from Eastern Europe to Iceland in 2006

Cavernous: The 32-year-old from the Czech Republic has lived in Iceland with her family for the past seven years

Cavernous: The 32-year-old from the Czech Republic has lived in Iceland with her family for the past seven years

Protean: Ms Kalvachova says her mission will never be complete because the landscape is constantly shifting

Protean: Ms Kalvachova says her mission will never be complete because the landscape is constantly shifting

Ethereal: The near-deserted landscapes of Iceland and Greenland are perfect for a photographer interested in the natural world

Ethereal: The near-deserted landscapes of Iceland and Greenland are perfect for a photographer interested in the natural world

Through the keyhole: An intimate yet spectacular look out at the Solheimajokull glacier in Iceland

Through the keyhole: An intimate yet spectacular look out at the Solheimajokull glacier in Iceland

Glowing: The visionary photographs capture the way the light plays on the ice in a unique way

Glowing: The visionary photographs capture the way the light plays on the ice in a unique way

Craggy: Some of the more jagged glaciers almost seem to have the appearance of alpine mountains

Craggy: Some of the more jagged glaciers almost seem to have the appearance of alpine mountains

Treacherous: This photograph shows the perilous journey undertaken by hardy seafarers between glaciers

Treacherous: This photograph shows the perilous journey undertaken by hardy seafarers between glaciers

Waterfall: Ms Kalvachova specialises in unusual formations which dot the Arctic and North Atlantic landscape

Waterfall: Ms Kalvachova specialises in unusual formations which dot the Arctic and North Atlantic landscape

Isolated: A single iceberg floats along the shore line but does not escape the photographer's gaze

Isolated: A single iceberg floats along the shore line but does not escape the photographer's gaze

Thaw: Even freezing areas likes Sermilik in Greenland are not entirely covered with ice all the time

Thaw: Even freezing areas likes Sermilik in Greenland are not entirely covered with ice all the time

Sunrise: Ms Kalvachova and her partner conduct tours of icy regions to enable others to see the spectacular landscape for themselves

Sunrise: Ms Kalvachova and her partner conduct tours of icy regions to enable others to see the spectacular landscape for themselves

Heart-shaped: The photographer captured this romantic picture by chance in Iceland

Heart-shaped: The photographer captured this romantic picture by chance in Iceland

Contrast: Ms Kalvachova's photographic tricks make the colour of the glacier stand out against the background of the sky

Contrast: Ms Kalvachova's photographic tricks make the colour of the glacier stand out against the background of the sky

Light relief: This icy behemoth has by chance melted into the chap of an old man's profile

Light relief: This icy behemoth has by chance melted into the chap of an old man's profile

Remote: But some brave souls are happy to live in the shadow of the ice

Remote: But some brave souls are happy to live in the shadow of the ice

Adventurous: This photograph shows the lengths that Ms Kalvachova will go to in order to get the perfect shot

Adventurous: This photograph shows the lengths that Ms Kalvachova will go to in order to get the perfect shot

Shore: Ice floes float in the water off the coast of Greenland as hills stand in the background bare of ice

Shore: Ice floes float in the water off the coast of Greenland as hills stand in the background bare of ice

Artistic: Some of the ice formations need no help to be fashioned into aesthetically pleasing shapes

Artistic: Some of the ice formations need no help to be fashioned into aesthetically pleasing shapes

Interests: The photographer enjoys taking pictures of phenomena such as the Northern Lights as well as glaciers

Interests: The photographer enjoys taking pictures of phenomena such as the Northern Lights as well as glaciers

Panorama: The scene at the shore of Kulusuk in eastern Greenland

Panorama: The scene at the shore of Kulusuk in eastern Greenland

 

 

   

New York, Boston, Mumbai and Bangkok are among cities facing the 'highest risk' of flooding by 2050 as sea levels rise

  • Scientists warned five U.S. cities are predicted to be among the most susceptible to coastal flooding in the world
  • The University of Southampton researchers warned the yearly global cost of repairing damage caused by coastal foods could top $1 trillion in 2050
  • The most vulnerable city in the world is Guangzhou in China, study found

Some of the U.S. and Asia's largest cities are predicted to be among the most susceptible to coastal flooding in the world, scientists have warned.

Researchers say that New York, Miami, New Orleans and Boston in the U.S. are all among the top 20 cities at the highest risk of coastal flooding and could all find themselves facing extensive and frequent flood damage if sea levels rise to predicted levels by 2050.

Even if sea levels rose to the best-case scenarios predicted by scientists, the yearly global cost of repairing damage caused by coastal foods could top $1 trillion, according to the study.

New Orleans and Boston in the U.S. are all among the top 20 cities at the highest risk of coastal flooding

Researchers warned New York, Miami, New Orleans and Boston in the U.S. are all among the top 20 cities at the highest risk of coastal flooding and could all find themselves facing flood damage if sea levels rise to predicted levels by 2050

A team at the University of Southampton looked at 136 coastal cities with more than 1 million residents as well as the population distribution, types of flood protection in place and elevation of storms.

To compile the top 20 list, they combined data about the cities with sea level predictions for 2050, plus economic and population forecasts to calculate the cost of the damage based upon the depth of water that could cover a city. In the best and worst-case scenarios of estimating the magnitude of future flood damage across the world, the scientists said the flooding repair bill topped $1 trillion, Live Science reported.

A team at the University of Southampton looked at 136 coastal cities

British researchers looked at 136 coastal cities (including Bangkok, pictured) with more than 1m residents as well as the population distribution, types of flood protection in place and elevation of storms

TOP 10 CITIES AT RISK OF FLOODING

1. Guangzhou, China

2. Mumbai, India

3. Kolkata, India

4. Guayaquil, Ecuador

5. Shenzen, China

6. Miami, Florida, U.S.

7. Tianjin, China

8. New York, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.

9. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

10. New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.

According to the study published in the journal Nature Climate Change, the most vulnerable city is Guangzhou in China, with Mumbai and Kolkata in India making up the rest of the top three.

The vast majority of cities listed are in Asia and North America.

The U.S. makes up a quarter of the cities most at risk of coastal flooding in 2050 in the list of the  top 20, while China comprises one fifth and India a quarter.

In the U.S. Miami was listed as having the highest exposure to coastal flooding if sea levels rise.

The popular holiday destination was followed by New York, New Orleans, Tampa St Petersburg and Boston.

In the U.S. Miami was listed as having the highest exposure to coastal flooding if sea levels rise

In the U.S. Miami was listed as having the highest exposure to coastal flooding if sea levels rise, followed by New York, New Orleans, Tampa St Petersburg and Boston (pictured)

REST OF THE TOP 20 CITIES AT RISK OF COASTAL FLOODING IN 2050

11. Jakarta, Indonesia

12. Abidjan, Ivory Coast

13. Chennai, India

14. Surat, India

15. Zhanjiang, India

16. Tampa, St. Petersburg, Florida, U.S.

17. Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.

18. Bangkok, Thailand

19. Xiamen, China

20. Nagoya, Japan

The study suggests the cost of flood damage could be reduced if flood mitigation infrastructure is built in the named cities.

Robert Nicholls, a coastal engineering professor at the University of Southampton, told LiveScience: 'If we did nothing about the risk, the flood damages in coastal cities would grow to huge amounts. So that's really not an option.'

The study said that if cities did bolster their flood prevention measures, such as erecting storm surge barriers, increasing the height of levees, flood-proofing buildings and converting low-lying areas to parks or fileds, the cost of damage could be lowered to around $50 billion a year.

Many climate change scientists have predicted that cities will be battered by increasingly fierce and frequent storms over the coming decades and some have suggested that we are already seeing the effects in storms such as Hurricane Sandy.

The researchers set out to identify the cities most at risk of coastal flooding

The researchers set out to identify the cities most at risk of coastal flooding following Hurricane Katrina, which swept through the Gulf Coast in 2005, aftermath is pictured) after they realised scientists did not know which cities were most vulnerable to flash flooding

The researchers at Southampton University set out to identify the cities most at risk of coastal flooding after they realised scientists did not know which cities were most vulnerable to flash flooding, following Hurricane Katrina, which swept through the Gulf Coast in 2005.

Nicholls reportedly believes it is prudent for cities to put measures in place as soon as possible to prevent vast amounts of damage created by extreme weather events becoming the norm.

He said: 'The bottom line is it shows that flood risk is rising today — it's happening.

'All these cities need to be preparing for that.'

The research is part of an ongoing project by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and is being led by Dr Stephane Hallegatte, from the World Bank.

Is it crunch time for global warming? Apples are 'losing their bite and becoming sweeter' because of climate change

  • This is based on data gathered from 1970 to 2010 at two orchards in Japan
  • The farms had seen an air temperature rise of 0.31 and 0.34°C per decade
  • Apples were found to have less acidity and firmness but were sweeter

Apples are losing their crunch and becoming sweeter because of global warming, according to Japanese scientists. Data gathered from 1970 to 2010 at two orchards in Japan provides clear evidence that climate change is having an effect on apple taste and texture, said the research team. ‘All such changes may have resulted from earlier blooming and higher temperatures’ during the growth season, they wrote in the journal Nature Scientific Reports.

Girl biting apple

Analysing data gathered from 1970 to 2010 at two orchards in Japan, a research team said there was clear evidence that climate change was having an effect on apple taste and texture. About 60 million tonnes of apples are produced every year, making it the world's third most popular fruit. Previous studies had shown that global warming was causing apple trees to flower earlier, and that harvests were also affected by changes in rainfall and air temperature. The orchards used in the study produce the Fuji and Tsugaru apples, the two most popular kinds in the world. The farms are located in Japan's Nagano and Aomori regions, which had seen a mean air temperature rise of 0.31 and 0.34°C, respectively, per decade.

Factory smoke stacks in Tokyo Bay

Previous studies had shown that global warming, which many believe is caused by carbon emissions, was causing apple trees to flower earlier, and that harvests were also affected by changes in rainfall and air temperature

The orchards were chosen because there had been no changes in cultivars or management practices for extended periods.

Apples

The analysis showed a decrease in acidity, firmness and watercore, but a rise in sugar concentration

This ruled out non-climate factors like technological improvements in the apple change.

The data collected over the years included measurements of acid and sugar concentration, fruit firmness and watercore- a disease that causes water-soaked areas in the flesh of an apple.

The analysis showed a decrease in acidity, firmness and watercore, but a rise in sugar concentration over time.

‘We think that a sweeter apple is a positive thing and a loss of firmness is a negative thing,’ co-author Toshihiko Sugiura of the National Institute of Fruit Tree Science in Fujimoto told AFP.

‘We think most people like sweet and firm apple fruits, although everyone has his own taste. A soft apple is called 'Boke' in Japanese which means a dull or senile fruit.’ The study said that the results ‘suggest that the taste and textural attributes of apples in the market are undergoing change from a long-term perspective, even though consumers might not perceive these subtle change.’ The research claims to be the first to measure changes in the taste and texture of food as a result of climate change.

GLOBAL WARMING COULD LEAD TO FRESHER BLUEBERRIES AND MORE FISH

A UK government study released last year identified the top 100 effects of climate change and how they may surprisingly impact Britain in the next century.

It found that warmer water temperatures would mean sole and plaice will be more plentiful in the UK, though cod and haddock will move to cooler climates.

Sugar beet yields could rise by up to 70 per cent and wheat yields by as much as 140 perc ent by mid-century due to longer growing seasons if water and nutrients are available.    

‘A warmer climate presents opportunities to grow new crops such as soya, sunflowers, peaches, apricots and grapes, while new markets may open up overseas for British grown produce,’ the study said.

Climate change will lock the world into frequent and severe heatwaves over the next 30 years, experts warn

  • The last decade has seen a number of extreme heatwaves around the world -  the U.S. in 2012, Russia in 2010, Australia in 2009, and Europe in 2003
  • Experts claim there will be a 'several-fold' increase in heatwaves up to 2040, regardless of how much carbon dioxide goes into the atmosphere
  • But future efforts to slash pollution could stem the rise in extreme heat events later on in the century

Climate change will lock the world into more frequent and severe heatwaves in the next few decades, researchers have claimed. They say there will be a 'several-fold' increase in heatwaves up to 2040, regardless of how much carbon dioxide goes into the atmosphere, but future efforts to slash pollution could stem the rise in extreme heat events later on in the century. The last decade has seen an exceptional number of extreme heatwaves around the world, hitting the U.S. in 2012, Russia in 2010, Australia in 2009, and Europe in 2003 with damaging impacts on health, the economy, agriculture and wildlife.

Mitcham Common in South London this July

There has been an exceptional rise in heatwaves in the past decade. This photograph shows smoke rising from shrubs and trees after a heatwave-related fire on Mitcham Common in South London this July. The soaring monthly and seasonal temperatures associated with heat waves can now largely be attributed to global warming of around 0.5C over the past 50 years, according to a study published in the Institute of Physics' journal Environmental Letters. Extreme summer heat waves in which monthly temperatures soar well above norms now cover around five per cent of the world's land, mostly in the Tropics, but also over western Europe and the Mediterranean, the researchers said. But the percentage of land experiencing summer months of extreme heat is set to double by 2020, and quadruple by 2040 to cover a fifth of the global land surface, the projections using computer climate models found.

There could be a rise in dangerous forest fires such this one pictured in Spain in 2012

There could be a rise in dangerous forest fires such this one pictured in Spain in 2012

Even more severe summer heatwaves will increase from being virtually non-existent today to covering around three per cent of the world's land. The increase in heatwaves takes place regardless of efforts to cut emissions in the next few decades.

After 2040, the frequency of extreme heat events is affected by whether or not the world takes action to slash greenhouse gases.

If there are only low emissions, the frequency of periods of extremely hot weather will remain constant after 2040.

In Europe, around a fifth of summer months will record temperatures will above the seasonal norms, though the most extreme heatwaves will be essentially absent, the scientists said.

But with high emissions of carbon dioxide going into the atmosphere, heatwaves will continue to increase, and by 2100 monthly heat extremes will cover around 85 per cent of the world's land area and very severe heat events will occur over 60 per cent of the land.

The study's lead author Dim Coumou, from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany, said: 'We find that up until 2040, the frequency of monthly heat extremes will increase several fold, independent of the emissions scenario we choose to take.

'Mitigation can, however, strongly reduce the number of extremes in the second half of the 21st century.'

He said that a good example of the extreme heatwaves the world is facing were the conditions in Russia in 2010 where the average temperature around Moscow in July was 7C above normal at around 25C (77F). In some places temperatures soared to 40C (104F).

'Heat extremes can be very damaging to society and ecosystems, often causing heat-related deaths, forest fires or losses to agricultural production.

'So an increase in frequency is likely to pose serious challenges to society and some regions will have to adapt to more frequent and more severe heat waves already in the near-term,' he said.

DID CLIMATE CHANGE DRIVE THE COLLAPSE OF ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS?

Climate change may have driven the collapse of civilizations more than 3,000 years ago, according to a new study. Researchers say once-flourishing Late Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean cultures suffered wars and famine towards the end of the 13th Century BC fuelled by climate change. Ancient civilisations flourished in regions of the Eastern Mediterranean such as Greece, Syria and neighbouring areas, but suffered severe crises that led to their collapse during the late Bronze Age.

In the new study, published in the journal PLOS ONE, Doctor David Kaniewski, of the University of Paul Sabatier in France, and colleagues from other institutions, studied pollen grains derived from sediments of an ancient lake in the region to uncover a history of environmental changes that likely drove this crisis.

Shifts in carbon isotopes in the Eastern Mediterranean and in local plant species suggest that this lake was once a flourishing harbour that gradually dried into a land-locked salt lake.

Dr Kaniewski said, as a result, crop failures led to famines, repeated invasions by migrants from neighbouring regions and eventually, the political and economic collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean civilisations at the end of the late Bronze Age.

Combining this data with archaeological evidence from cuneiform tablets and correspondence between kings, the researchers suggest that the late Bronze Age crisis was a complex, single event comprised of climate change-induced drought, famines, sea-borne invasions and political struggles, rather than a series of unrelated events.

Dr Kaniewski said: 'This event underlines the sensitivity of these agriculture-based societies to climate, and demystifies the crisis that led to their end.'

The Drought of 2012

This summer, the United States has experienced its worst drought in more than half a century. The Mississippi River is approaching record lows, as far as 20 feet below normal. Throughout the Midwest, meager corn harvests began on the some of the earliest dates ever recorded. Corn and soybean farms are producing far smaller yields this year, which will affect livestock production and impact food prices worldwide -- especially in developing nations, where even a small rise in the cost of grains can be devastating. Collected below are images of a very dry and dusty Midwest, where residents hope that remnants of Hurricane Isaac might bring at least a little relief.

Rancher Gary Wollert pauses before heading out for work near Eads, on the plains of eastern Colorado, on August 23, 2012. The nation's severe drought has been especially hard on cattlemen, made worse when Congress recessed for 5 weeks without passing disaster relief legislation. Most of the high plains areas of eastern Colorado and virtually all of Nebraska and Kansas are still in extreme or exceptional drought, despite recent lower temperatures. (John Moore/Getty Images)

2

Darren Becker sifts through arid topsoil under a ruined crop on the family farm in Logan, Kansas, on August 24, 2012. Like many Kansas farmers whose profits have been wiped out by the record drought, the Beckers are working hard to hang on to their farm, which has been in their family for five generations. (John Moore/Getty Images) #

3

Severely damaged corn stalks due to a widespread drought, at sunset on a farm near Oakland City, Indiana, on August 15, 2012.(Saul Loeb/AFP/Getty Images) #

4

Tony Frost of Frost Farms (not pictured) tops off a stock tank with water for his cattle in Tallula, Illinois, on August 3, 2012. After months of drought, the central Illinois creeks and ponds that the 300 Frost Farms cows drink from are dry or close to it. Frost has to buy and haul water, about 4,000 gallons a day, split up in four trips to different pastures. (AP Photo/Seth Perlman) #

5

A combine harvests corn in a field near Coy, Arkansas, on August 16, 2012. Federal weather forecasters say drought conditions appear to be leveling off, although it is likely to continue at least through November. (AP Photo/Danny Johnston) #

6

Pieces of mulched corn stalks fly through the air as a crop cutter mows down the remnants of a drought-ravaged crop to sell as livestock feed in Wiley, Colorado, on August 22, 2012. (John Moore/Getty Images) #

7

Farmer Jay Sneller unloads mulched corn at a feedlot operated by JBS Five Rivers Colorado Beef in Wiley, Colorado, on August 22, 2012. The severe drought dried up most of eastern Colorado's farmland, forcing many farmers to cut their crops early to sell as feed and recoup some of their losses. (John Moore/Getty Images) #

8

A storm approaches the drought-affected Quivira National Wildlife Refuge in Hudson, Kansas, on August 7, 2012.(Reuters/Jeff Tuttle) #

9

Firefighters battle a wildfire near the town of Noble in Cleveland County, south of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, on August 4, 2012. Wildfires burned out of control in Oklahoma, destroying homes and shutting down highways in a state that suffered 18 straight days of 100-plus degree temperatures and persistent drought. (Reuters/Garett Fisbeck) #

10

A sugar maple tree shows signs of scorching at the Chicago Botanic Garden in Glencoe, Illinois, on August 2, 2012. Many of the garden's 2.5 million plants have required extra watering during the summer's triple-digit heat. (AP Photo/M. Spencer Green) #

11

A gust of wind picks up dust in the remains of a poor harvest of soybeans. Wrapped plastic, the bales of soybeans will help ranchers feed their cows during the lean months that may come if there is no rain.(Photo/ Julie Denesha For The Washington Post) #

12

Vacationers seek refuge from the heat on a sand bar along the Platte River near the Louisville state recreation area in Nebraska, on July 17, 2012. Low water flow due to lack of precipitation has exposed large areas of the river bed. (AP Photo/Nati Harnik) #

13

Boats sit near a dock on the dry, grass-covered bottom of Morse Reservoir in Noblesville, Indiana, on August 1, 2012. The reservoir is six feet below normal levels. More than half of U.S. counties now are classified by the federal government as natural disaster areas mostly because of the drought. The U.S. Agriculture Department on Wednesday added 218 counties in a dozen states as disaster areas. That brings this year's total to 1,584 in 32 states, more than 90 percent of them because of the drought.(AP Photo/Michael Conroy) #

14

Rancher Gary Wollert inspects a dead cow on dry grasslands near Eads, Colorado, on August 22, 2012. Many cattle in the area have contracted respiratory infections due to the wide temperature swings in this summer's heatwave and drought. While most cases have been cured, some have been fatal. (John Moore/Getty Images) #

15

Dry stalks of corn, ravaged by drought, stand in a failed corn field near Colby, Kansas, on August 24, 2012. Most of Kansas is still in extreme or exceptional drought, despite recent lower temperatures and scattered thunderstorms, according to the University of Nebraska's Drought Monitor. (John Moore/Getty Images) #

16

A dead carp lies in one of many dried up pools at Cheyenne Bottoms Wildlife Area, in Great Bend, Kansas, on August 7, 2012.(Reuters/Jeff Tuttle) #

17

A cow walks near a dried-up pond in a drought-ravaged pasture near Eads, Colorado, on August 22, 2012. The severe drought has dried up most of eastern Colorado's natural grassland, forcing many ranchers to sell off much of their livestock early to feedlots, which fatten up the cattle for slaughter. (John Moore/Getty Images) #

18

Farmer Jay Sneller displays an ear from a drought-ravaged corn crop in Wiley, Colorado, on August 22, 2012.(John Moore/Getty Images) #

19

The shoreline of the Arkansas banks of the Mississippi River near Greenville, Mississippi, are exposed and give witness to the extent of the drought, on August 21, 2012. Officials with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers say low water levels that are restricting shipping traffic, forcing harbor closures and causing towboats and barges to run aground on the Mississippi River are expected to continue into October. (AP Photo/Rogelio V. Solis) #

20

As drought continued to parch much of the United States in August 2012, the Mississippi River approached historically low water levels in several portions of its middle and southern reaches. As of August 20, a towboat and its barges had run aground in the main river channel, forcing its closure near Greenville, Mississippi. The grounding backed up shipping traffic and left close to 100 vessels waiting for the channel to re-open and allow passage up and down the river. The Advanced Land Imager (ALI) aboard the Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) satellite captured this view of the Mississippi River near Greenville on August 20, 2012. For scale, the barges and towboats are strung together into chains that can be up to 1,000 feet (300 meters) long and 100 feet (30 meters) wide. Many towboats and barges were tied up along the shores, waiting for clearance to move north or south. Towboats must continually idle their engines while waiting, at a cost of nearly $10,000 per day according to Time magazine. (NASA Earth Observatory/Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Mike Carlowicz, and Rick Robertson, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers) #

21

An old car, exposed by record low water levels, is pulled from a Mississippi River bank at LeTourneau Landing in Vicksburg, Mississippi, on August 16, 2012. Local fishermen reported to authorities seeing the car Wednesday at a spot frequented by many area fishermen. (AP Photo/Rogelio V. Solis) #

22

A spray of sand laced water shoots out from the Dredge Jadwin, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers vessel that is clearing out some of the silt and left over mud and debris from last year's record flood on the Mississippi River and cutting a deeper channel for barges and their towboats to navigate north of Greenville, Mississippi, on August 22, 2012. Coast Guard Capt. William Drelling said Wednesday that authorities would inspect the channel near Greenville, then reset navigation buoys allowing barge traffic to resume on a limited basis as both federal agencies deal with the continued drought that has lowered the river.(AP Photo/Rogelio V. Solis) #

23

A much needed storm system rolls over starved corn fields in Elburn, Illinois, on July 31, 2012. (AP Photo/Robert Ray) #

24

Josh Cussimanio, a wildlife biologist with the Missouri Department of Conservation, walks on parched earth as he monitors the water levels in the Ducks Unlimited Presidents' Marsh at Four Rivers Conservation Area. During the worst drought in three decades, much of the water in the wetland has been reduced and habitat for waterfowl has decreased.(Photo/ Julie Denesha For The Washington Post) #

25

A couple canoe on Mark Twain Lake during sunset in Missouri on July 13, 2012. (Reuters/Adrees Latif) #

26

Joseph Perazzo, owner of Grass is Greener Lawn Painting, works on a lawn in Irvington, New Jersey, on July 25, 2012. With drought spanning about two-thirds of the nation from California to New York, some residents and businesses in normally well-watered areas are taking a page from the lawn-painting practices employed for years in the West and South to give luster to faded turf. (AP Photo/Grass is Greener Lawn Painting) #

27

Drought-stricken cotton plants near Pocasset, Oklahoma, on August 22, 2012. The current U.S. Drought Monitor shows 90 percent of Oklahoma in extreme or exceptional drought, the two worst categories. (AP Photo/Sue Ogrocki) #

28

A yellowing field of corn, near Blair, Nebraska, on August 16, 2012. (AP Photo/Nati Harnik) #

29

A firefighter sprays water during a burn operation in Boise National Forest near the community of Featherville, Idaho, on August 22, 2012. The Idaho fire was one of dozens burning across 10 parched western states, with Nevada, Idaho, and California each seeing hundreds of thousands of acres charred. (Reuters/Kari Greer/U.S. Forest Service) #

30

Water from an irrigation system sprays flowering cotton plants on the farm of Allen Entz in Hydro, Oklahoma, on August 16, 2012. Even with the irrigation system to help with the drought, the high temperatures in the area have affected the crop, as it can take 35-40 hours for the center pivot irrigation system to make it back to irrigate any particular plant. (AP Photo/Sue Ogrocki) #

31

Cattle graze at sunset on drought-ravaged grassland near Wiley, on the plains of eastern Colorado, on August 22, 2012.(John Moore/Getty Images) #

32

A boat dock now rests in mud at Morse Reservoir as water levels drop due to the current drought near Cicero, Indiana, on July 19, 2012. State officials declared most of the state a natural disaster area. (Reuters/Chris Bergin) #

33

Darren Becker and his son Charlie, 19, stand in a drought-parched pond on the family farm in Logan, Kansas, on August 24, 2012.(John Moore/Getty Images) #

34

Steve Connole fishes in the Missouri River in Helena, Montana, on August 1, 2012. More anglers are fishing on larger rivers and earlier in the day as heat and drought lead to restrictions on several small streams in Montana and in Yellowstone National Park.(AP Photo/Matt Volz) #

35

A message on a restaurant sign in Burlington, eastern Colorado, on August 23, 2012. The ongoing drought has devastated the area's agricultural economy, but also affected a broad spectrum of businesses across the plains. (John Moore/Getty Images) #

36

Three generations of Becker farmers - Loyd, 86, Charlie, 19, and Darren, 47 stand in a drought-parched field on the Becker farm in Logan, Kansas, on August 24, 2012. Like many Kansas farmers affected by the record drought, the Beckers are working hard to hang on to their farm, which has been in their family for five generations. The record-breaking drought, which has affected more than half of the continental United States, is expected to drive up food prices by 2013 due to lower crop harvests and the adverse effect on the nation's cattle industry. (John Moore/Getty Images)

Repeat offender: The Amazon has been hit by its second 'once in a century' drought in five years, according to scientists Cracked earth: The extended dry season is thought to have wiped out swathes of the Amazon, killing millions of trees, amphibians, fish, birds and mammals

The Amazon has been hit by its second 'once in a century' drought in five years, scientists say. A study found that last year's drought was even more severe and more widespread than the disastrous water shortages that gripped the world's largest rainforest in 2005. The extended dry season is thought to have wiped out swathes of the Amazon, killing millions of trees, amphibians, fish, birds and mammals.

Repeat offender: The Amazon has been hit by its second 'once in a century' drought in five years, according to scientists. Lead author Dr Simon Lewis, from the University of Leeds, said: 'Having two events of this magnitude in such close succession is extremely unusual, but is unfortunately consistent with those climate models that project a grim future for Amazonia.' The Amazon rainforest covers two million square miles - an area approximately 25 times the size of the UK. The British and Brazilian team looked at rainfall figures for the dry season, which normally runs from June to August and compared them to the drought of 2005 - described at the time as a 'one in 100 year' event. They found that last year's drought was more severe and covered more of the Amazon. The researchers are unsure if the two droughts are linked. Last year's drought brought chaos to the Amazon. Streams and rivers dried up, preventing boat access to more remote parts of the forest.

Cracked earth: The extended dry season is thought to have wiped out swathes of the Amazon, killing millions of trees, amphibians, fish, birds and mammals. Around 60,000 people went hungry as water became contaminated and millions of fish died. The Rio Negro tributary of the Amazon fell to its lowest level on record.

The dry spell was also disastrous for trees, amphibians and other wildlife. Dr Lewis has previously shown that in a typical year, forests absorb around 1.5billion tonnes of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. But if tree are killed by drought, forests stop absorbing the greenhouse gas. And as the trees rot, they release carbon dioxide.

In a paper in the journal Science, they predict that Amazon forests will not absorb their usual 1.5billion tons of CO2 from the atmosphere in both 2010 and 2011. A further five billion tons of CO2 will be released to the atmosphere over the coming years once the trees that are killed by the new drought break down - the same amount of greenhouse gas generated by the U.S. in one year. Dr Brando, from Brazil’s Amazon Environmental Research Institute, said: 'We will not know exactly how many trees were killed until we can complete forest measurements on the ground.

'It could be that many of the drought susceptible trees were killed off in 2005, which would reduce the number killed last year. On the other hand, the first drought may have weakened a large number of trees so increasing the number dying in the 2010 dry season.

Children of the tropics graphic

'Our results should be seen as an initial estimate. The emissions estimates do not include those from forest fires, which spread over extensive areas of the Amazon during hot and dry years. These fires release large amounts of carbon to the atmosphere.' The north-east Amazon normally suffers from droughts when there is a severe El Nino - the weather phenomenon that sees the Pacific Ocean warming up. But neither 2005 and 2010 had El Ninos. The researchers say single extreme weather events should never be blamed on global warming. However, computer models predict that the sort of drought that has hit the Amazon twice in five years will be more common. Dr Lewis added: 'Two unusual and extreme droughts occurring within a decade may largely offset the carbon absorbed by intact Amazon forests during that time. 'If events like this happen more often, the Amazon rain-forest would reach a point where it shifts from being a valuable carbon sink slowing climate change, to a major source of greenhouse gasses that could speed it up.'

The 3D ocean map that could reveal exactly what effect global warming is having on rainfall

Nasa is planning to create a 3D map of the ocean that could reveal exactly what effect global warming is having on rainfall.

The expedition is set to sail to the North Atlantic's saltiest spot to get a detailed, 3D picture of how salt content fluctuates in the ocean's upper layers and how these variations are related to shifts in rainfall patterns around the planet.

The research voyage is part of a multi-year mission, dubbed the Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study (SPURS), which will deploy multiple instruments in different regions of the ocean.

Nasa's mission will study salt levels in the north Atlantic and create the first 3D map of salt levels as they flow around the ocean

Nasa's mission will study salt levels in the north Atlantic and create the first 3D map of salt levels as they flow around the ocean

The new data also will help calibrate the salinity measurements NASA's Aquarius instrument has been collecting from space since August 2011.

Scientists above the vessel Neurr are already heading for a spot known as the Atlantic surface salinity maximum, located halfway between the Bahamas and the western coast of North Africa. The researchers will spend about three weeks on site deploying instruments and taking salinity, temperature and other measurements.

They aim to return with new data to aid in understanding one biggest effects of climate change, the acceleration of Earth's water cycle. As global temperatures go up, evaporation increases, altering the frequency, strength, and distribution of rainfall around the planet, with far-reaching implications for life on Earth.

How it will work: Nasa plans to employ a variety of sensors and underwater floats to collect data for the project

How it will work: Nasa plans to employ a variety of sensors and underwater floats to collect data for the project

'What if the drought in the U.S. Midwest became permanent? To understand whether that could happen we must understand the water cycle and how it will change as the climate continues to warm's said Raymond Schmitt, a physical oceanographer at Woods Hole and principal investigator for SPURS.

'Getting that right is going to involve understanding the ocean, because the ocean is the source of most of the water.' Oceanographers believe the ocean retains a better record of changes in precipitation than land, and translates these changes into variations in the salt concentration of its surface waters. Scientists studying the salinity records of the past 50 years say they already see the footprint of an increase in the speed of the water cycle. The places in the ocean where evaporation has increased and rain has become scarcer have turned saltier over time, while the spots that now receive more rain have become fresher.

This acceleration may exacerbate droughts and floods around the planet, researchers believe.

Some climate models, however, predict less dramatic changes in the global water cycle, and researchers hope to find out what is really occuring.

'With Spurs we hope to find out why these climate models do not track our observations of changing salinities," said Eric Lindstrom, physical oceanography program scientist at Nasa.

'We will investigate to what extent the observed salinity trends are a signature of a change in evaporation and precipitation over the ocean versus the ocean's own processes, such as the mixing of salty surface waters with deeper and fresher waters or the sideways transport of salt.'

Current maps of salinity levels are not as accurate as the new 3D version

Current maps of salinity levels are not as accurate as the new 3D version. Researchers will deploy an array of instruments and platforms, including autonomous gliders, sensor-laden buoys and unmanned underwater vehicles. Some will be collected before the research vessel heads to the Azores, but others will remain in place for a year or more, providing scientists with data on seasonal variations of salinity.

The Knorr research vessel will deploy a range of sensors to create a 3D map of ocean's saltiest area.

The Knorr research vessel will deploy a range of sensors to create a 3D map of ocean's saltiest area. 'We'll be able to look at lots of different scales of salinity variability in the ocean, some of which can be seen from space, from a sensor like Aquarius,' said David Fratantoni, a physical oceanographer with Woods Hole and a member of the expedition. 'But we're also trying to see variations in the ocean that can't be resolved by current satellite technology.' A second expedition in 2015 will investigate low-salinity regions where there is a high input of fresh water, such as the mouth of a large river or the rainy belts near the equator. Huge parts of China have been affected by some of the worst drought conditions in decades. Fishermen, farmers, and wildlife have been enduring hardships for months now. In an effort to alleviate the crisis, China's Three Gorges Dam has been discharging water to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. However, since early June, a series of torrential rainstorms has been pounding southern China, overwhelming parched farmlands and triggering some of the worst flooding since 1955. So far, 175 have been reported dead and 86 missing. Chinese officials say they plan to double investments in water conservation projects, as the country deals with a shortage of 40 billion cubic meters of water each year. Gathered below are recent images from China, a nation that has been coping first with too little water, then with far too much.

Farmer Lu Keshuang holds his rake as he takes a break from turning the soil in his drought-affected field near the village of Zhuanghuyu, located 80 kilometers north of Beijing, on February 23, 2011. China's long drought in northern wheat areas has been alleviated by recent heavy rains. (Reuters/David Gray)

02

A boat is seen stranded on the cracked bed of a dried area of Xieshan, which is part of Poyang Lake in east China's Jiangxi Province May 4, 2011. (Reuters/China Daily) #

03

A dead turtle lies on a dried riverbank of the Yangtze River under the Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge in Jiujiang in Jiangxi Province, China, on June 2, 2011. (AP Photo/ Eugene Hoshiko) #

04

Water drips from a sprinkler head near residential apartment buildings in Beijing, China, on Thursday, March 24, 2011. China plans to double its investment in water conservation projects as cities face shortages. Minister of Water Resources Chen Lei says two-thirds of Chinese cities have trouble accessing water. Every year the country is short of 40 billion cubic meters of water.(AP Photo/Andy Wong) #

05

In this photo taken June 2, 2011, a fishing boat is left abandoned in the bottom of the dried-up Poyang Lake, a vast wetland turned dry by China's worst drought in decades, in Xingzi in Jiangxi Province, China. (AP Photo/Eugene Hoshiko) #

06

Villagers irrigate a wheat field with water collected from a nearby pond in drought-affected Songxian county, Henan province February 22, 2011. China's drought-hit wheat-growing areas shrank further as of Sunday as irrigation expanded, the Ministry of Agriculture said on Monday. (Reuters/Donald Chan) #

07

A man walks on a river shoal, which appeared after the water level of the Yangtze River declined, as the city of Wuhan is seen in the background, in Wuhan, Hubei province, on May 26, 2011. (Reuters/Stringer) #

08

A fishing boat lies stranded among fishing poles, which are normally almost completely underwater at this time of the year, at Honghu Lake, near Honghu city in central China's Hubei province, on May 29, 2011. (Reuters/David Gray) #

09

A farmer squats in a dried-up pool in Huangpi district of Wuhan, central China's Hubei province, on May 25, 2011.(AP Photo/Xinhua, Zheng Feng) #

10

In this photo taken June 2, 2011, a bird observation platform stands in the dried-up Poyang Lake, a vast wetland turned dry by China's worst drought in decades, in Yongxiu in Jiangxi Province, China. (AP Photo/ Eugene Hoshiko) #

11

A girl puts on her boots near a flooded tunnel in Wuhan, Hubei province, on June 18, 2011. More than one million people in China have been evacuated following downpours that have raised water levels in rivers to critical highs, and triggered floods and landslides. Summer rains have left more than 150 people dead or missing so far, and weather authorities warned that flood-hit areas across the southern half of China would experience a fresh round of heavy rainfall. (Reuters/Darley Wong) #

12

People trapped by flood water wait to be rescued from the Fuxing Wood Industry Co. building on June 6, 2011, in Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China. (ChinaFotoPress/Getty Images) #

13

A paramilitary policeman walks on a bridge in the flood-hit Wangmo county, Guizhou province June 6, 2011. In the southwest province of Guizhou, the easing of drought swung to flooding that killed 9 people and left 13 missing in Wangmo County. Torrential rains there overwhelmed the local river and flooded the county seat and other towns, forcing 6,000 people to leave, Xinhua news agency reported. (Reuters/China Daily) #

14

A flooded area is seen in Sanjiangkou village, Zhejiang provincem on June 18, 2011. (Reuters/Carlos Barria) #

15

Residents take pictures on the banks of a flooding river after heavy rainfalls in Dexing, Jiangxi province, on June 6, 2011.(Reuters/China Daily) #

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Ducklings rest on pieces of floating debris from a house damaged by the floods in Sanjiangkou village, Zhejiang province, on June 18, 2011. (Reuters/Carlos Barria) #

17

A man paddles through a flooded area in Banshan Cun, Zhejiang province, on June 17, 2011. Pelting rain in parts of central and southern China has forced hundreds of thousands of people to leave their homes and prompted the government to demand safety checks on vulnerable dams, news reports said on Thursday. (Reuters/Carlos Barria) #

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A Chinese man stands at the foot of a mountain damaged by a landslide which hit Linxiang, central China's Hunan province, on June 12, 2011. (STR/AFP/Getty Images) #

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Damaged terraces and homes after flood water swept through Linxiang, central China's Hunan province, on June 11, 2011.(STR/AFP/Getty Images) #

20

A woman shovels mud at her house after a landslide triggered by heavy rainfalls in Linxiang, Hunan province, on June 11, 2011.(Reuters/Darley Wong) #

21

Residents smoke as they sit amid the debris after a landslide triggered by heavy rainfalls in Linxiang, Hunan province June 11, 2011. (Reuters/Darley Wong) #

22

A Chinese woman grieves during a mass funeral for victims of the floods in Linxiang, central China's Hunan province, on June 11, 2011. (STR/AFP/Getty Images) #

23

A man paddles a boat through a flooded area in Banshan Cun, Zhejiang province, on June 17, 2011. (Reuters/Carlos Barria) #

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People make their way through flood water in Lanxi, east China's Zhejiang province, on June 20, 2011. (STR/AFP/Getty Images) #

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A resident carries a man on his back through a flooded area in Moshan village, Zhejiang province, on June 19, 2011.(Reuters/Carlos Barria) #

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A bus drives through a flooded street after heavy rainfall on June 18, 2011 in Wuhan, Hubei Province of China.(ChinaFotoPress/Getty Images) #

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Residents climb ladders to get to higher ground from a flooded tunnel in Wuhan, Hubei province, on June 18, 2011.(Reuters/Darley Wong) #

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Chinese students make their way across a flooded school compound walking along a row of chairs, in Wuhan, in central China's Hubei province on June 18, 2011. (STR/AFP/Getty Images) #

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Chinese workers try to clear their store of floodwater along a street in Wuhan, in central China's Hubei province, on June 18, 2011.(STR/AFP/Getty Images) #

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A woman holds her son at an evacuation center for people affected by floods in the area around Sanjiangkou village, Zhejiang province, on June 18, 2011. (Reuters/Carlos Barria) #

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Farmers pick watermelons inside a plastic tent at a flooded field in Kaihua county, Zhejiang province, on June 15, 2011.(Reuters/Lang Lang) #

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Vehicles piled up after they were swept away by flooding in Wangmo County, southwest China's Guizhou Province, on Monday, June 6, 2011. (AP Photo/Xinhua, Huang Shilin) #

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People make their way through floodwater in Lanxi, east China's Zhejiang province, on June 20, 2011. (STR/AFP/Getty Images) #

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People make their way down a flooded street after a rainstorm hit the town on June 15, 2011 in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province of China. (ChinaFotoPress/Getty Images) #

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Residents walk along a flooded street in Kaihua county, Zhejiang province, on June 15, 2011. (Reuters/Lang Lang) #

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Chinese farmers rescue their pigs in flood waters after heavy rains hit Lanxi, east China's Zhejiang province, on June 20, 2011.(STR/AFP/Getty Images) #

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Vehicles are trapped in a flooded street after heavy rainfall on June 18, 2011 in Wuhan, Hubei Province of China.(ChinaFotoPress/Getty Images) #

38

Fishermen prepare food on their boat on the River Brahmaputra in Gauhati, in the northeastern Indian state of Assam, on Wednesday, June 15, 2011. According to media reports, China is considering a new plan to divert the Brahmaputra waters from its upper reaches to fight drought conditions in its northwestern territories. Worried that any diversion of the river by China could impact his state, Assam Chief Minister Tarun Gogoi will meet Foreign Minister S.M. Krishna Thursday to ask him to take up the issue with the neighboring country, according to a news report. (AP Photo/ Anupam Nath)

 

Clinging on for dear life: Moment terrified family were forced to take refuge in the water as Australian wildfire tore through their town

  • Tammy and Tim Holmes led their five grandchildren to safety as blaze destroyed their home in Dunalley, Tasmania
  • They clung to each other and the jetty for more than two hours until they eventually found dinghy to flee fire zone
  • Children's mother, who had left them with her parents while she attended a funeral, feared they had been killed
  • Cooler weather has brought temporary respite today after days of record temperatures in the south of country
  • But 35,000 firefighters are now on standby in Queensland as searing heat is predicted to move north later today

Huddling in the water with fear etched on their faces, this terrified family were forced to take refuge under a jetty for more than two hours as the Australian wildfires tore through their town.

As the blaze destroyed their home, Tammy and Tim Holmes led their five young grandchildren to the only place they hoped the flames could not reach them.

With the oxygen fast running out in the polluted air, they clung to the wooden structure and each other for support as their hopes faded of finding a way out of the hellish conditions.

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Grandmother Tammy Holmes with her five grandchildren

Fight for survival: Grandmother Tammy Holmes (second left) takes refuge under a jetty with her five grandchildren as wildfires tear through their town of Dunalley in Tasmania. Just about able to stand, she grabs hold of (from l-r) two-year-old Charlotte and four-year-old Esther, while nine-year-old Liam clings to the wooden structure to keep his head above water as 11-year-old Matilda also reaches for the jetty while supporting six-year-old Caleb

Escaping the flames: The family's pet dog Polly sought safety on the jetty as the family huddled together in the water

Escaping the flames: The family's pet dog Polly sought safety on the jetty as the family huddled together in the water

At times, the fire took hold on the jetty itself, forcing Mr Holmes to scoop water from the sea to douse the flames.

Eventually, after two-and-a-half hours in the water, Mr Holmes finally managed to locate a dinghy which they used to flee to a hotel outside the fire zone.

Meanwhile, the children's mother, Bonnie Walker, feared her family had been killed.

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She had left her children - two-year-old Charlotte, four-year-old Esther, Liam, nine, 11-year-old Matilda and six-year-old Caleb - in the care of her parents while she attended a funeral.

Mrs Walker told how she drove to the service in Hobart, Tasmania, as fire ravaged the land either side of her and just made it through before the flames crossed the road and cut her off from her family.

She told Australia's ABC network: 'We just waited by the phone and received a message at 3.30pm to say that mum and dad had evacuated, that they were surrounded by fire, and could we pray.

'So I braced myself to lose my children and my parents.'

Bracing themselves: The children prepare to enter the water to take refuge under the jetty as the wildfire rips through their grandparents' home

Bracing themselves: The children prepare to enter the water to take refuge under the jetty as the wildfire rips through their grandparents' home

Thanked God: The children's mother, Bonnie Walker, was unaware of the impending danger when she drove off to attend a funeral and feared her family had been killed when she heard of the devastation

Thanked God: The children's mother, Bonnie Walker, was unaware of the impending danger when she drove off to attend a funeral and feared her family had been killed when she heard of the devastation

Divine intervention: A building burns near the jetty. The family credits God with their survival from the fire that destroyed around 90 homes in their town of Dunalley as the country was hit with record temperatures

Divine intervention: A building burns near the jetty. The family credits God with their survival from the fire that destroyed around 90 homes in their town of Dunalley as the country was hit with record temperatures

With the oxygen supply quickly running out in the polluted air, Mrs Walker said her father Tim Holmes 'rallied against all the odds' to retrieve the dinghy from the foreshore.

Mr Holmes told how he sent his wife, their grandchildren and pet dog Polly to the nearby sea jetty when he saw smoke from the looming wildfire rise from a nearby ridge.

Despite the arrival of three fire trucks, the 62-year-old realised he could not defend the home he built himself.

'I looked at the firefighters and said, "I have to go to Tammy and the kids",' he told the West Australian.

'For the next two-and-a-half hours, we huddled under the jetty as the fire intensified and produced a plume of smoke, ash and debris that left us with very little oxygen.

'There were times when we had to move out deeper because it was too hot and there were times when the jetty itself caught fire. I was able to scoop some water onto the jetty and put it out.'

Razed to the ground: Police and rescue services search among the charred remains of properties destroyed by bushfires in Copping, in southern Tasmania

Razed to the ground: Police and rescue services search among the charred remains of properties destroyed by bushfires in Copping, in southern Tasmania

Scouring the wreckage: The fires have destroyed at least 128 homes across Tasmania over the last five days, with the damage concentrated on the Tasman Peninsula, east of Hobart

Scouring the wreckage: The fires have destroyed at least 128 homes across Tasmania over the last five days, with the damage concentrated on the Tasman Peninsula, east of Hobart

Ravaged: This satellite image shows a number of fires burning across the Australian island of Tasmania, including the top northwestern part and central parts, as well as in the south-central parts of the island, near Hobart

Ravaged: This satellite image shows a number of fires burning across the Australian island of Tasmania, including the top northwestern part and central parts, as well as in the south-central parts of the island, near Hobart

Map of Tasmania

Map of Tasmania locating recent and current areas with wildfires as the region grips itself for the worst fires on record

They eventually made their way to safety as the fire burnt itself out. He said his house was 'all gone' but felt a great sense of relief that his family had survived.

The family credits God with their survival from the fire went on to destroy around 90 homes in their town of Dunalley, Tasmania.

Mrs Walker said: 'I spent a lot of time with good friends and prayed like I've never prayed before and I think those prayers have been answered.'

Record temperatures across southern Australia cooled today, reducing the danger from scores of raging wildfires but likely bringing only a brief reprieve from the summer's extreme heat and fire risk.

Around 35,000 firefighters are on standby in Queensland today as the searing weather moves north. Temperatures in the state’s southwest are forecast to reach the high 40s today.

Australia had its hottest day on record with a nationwide average of 40.33 Celsius, narrowly breaking a 1972 record of 40.17C.

Hellish conditions: Firefighters battle the Dean's Gap bushfire near Wandandian, south of Nowra. Rural Fire Service crews lost control of the fire as strong winds and record temperatures fanned the flames

Hellish conditions: Firefighters battle the Dean's Gap bushfire near Wandandian, south of Nowra. Rural Fire Service crews lost control of the fire as strong winds and record temperatures fanned the flames

Damage control: A firefighter douses the flames as they tear through a property near Wandandian, south of Nowra in New South Wales

Damage control: A firefighter douses the flames as they tear through a property near Wandandian, south of Nowra in New South Wales

Menacing: Trees burns and smoke billows from a fire along the Princes Highway at Deans Gap in the Shoalhaven area in New South Wales

Menacing: Trees burns and smoke billows from a fire along the Princes Highway at Deans Gap in the Shoalhaven area in New South Wales

Yesterday was the third hottest day at 40.11C. Four of Australia's hottest 10 days on record have been in 2013.

'There's little doubt that this is a very, very extreme heat wave event,' Bureau of Meteorology manager of climate monitoring and prediction David Jones said.

'If you look at its extent, its duration, its intensity, it is arguably the most significant in Australia's history,' he added.

With today's cool-down in southern Australia, the national capital, Canberra, dropped from a high of 36C to 28C and Sydney dropped from 43C to 23C.

Mr Jones expected that today would also rank among Australia's hottest days when the national temperatures are calculated. That is because the extreme heat has shifted from the heavier populated south to northern and central Australia.

Devastating: A plume of bushfire smoke erupts into the sky like volcanic ash over grazing land at Carlaminda east of Cooma

Devastating: A plume of bushfire smoke erupts into the sky like volcanic ash over grazing land at Carlaminda east of Cooma

Spelling it out: A sign shows the highest fire danger rating of 'catastrophic' as smoke billows into the sky behind

Spelling it out: A sign shows the highest fire danger rating of 'catastrophic' as smoke billows into the sky behind

Inferno: This aerial picture taken by New South Wales Rural Fire Service shows smoke rising from a fire at Deans Gap near Sussex Inlet in the Shoalhaven area in New South Wales

Inferno: This aerial picture taken by New South Wales Rural Fire Service shows smoke rising from a fire at Deans Gap near Sussex Inlet in the Shoalhaven area in New South Wales

Snuffing it out: Firefighters battle a blaze in Carngham, Victoria, as temperatures began to drop to offer a brief respite from the marauding flames

Snuffing it out: Firefighters battle a blaze in Carngham, Victoria, as temperatures began to drop to offer a brief respite from the marauding flames

Keeping it under control: Firefighters douse burning logs from the Deans Gap fire near Nowra on the south coast of Australia's New South Wales state as cooler conditions helped crews battling blazes across Australia

Keeping it under control: Firefighters douse burning logs from the Deans Gap fire near Nowra on the south coast of Australia's New South Wales state as cooler conditions helped crews battling blazes across Australia

Brief respite: Record temperatures across southern Australia have cooled temporarily, but are expected to return by the end of the week

Brief respite: Record temperatures across southern Australia have cooled temporarily, but are expected to return by the end of the week

Mobilising: Firefighters survey the movement of the fire from Beaufort-Carngham Road in Carngham, Victoria, to establish the best point of attack

Mobilising: Firefighters survey the movement of the fire from Beaufort-Carngham Road in Carngham, Victoria, to establish the best point of attack

Taking a much-needed breather: John Divine from Albion Park Rural Fire Service waits for the fire front in Shoalhaven, New South Wales

Taking a much-needed breather: John Divine from Albion Park Rural Fire Service waits for the fire front in Shoalhaven, New South Wales

The bureau forecast above average temperatures for the remainder of summer, compounding the fire danger created by a lack of rain across central and southern Australia over the past six months.

'It is going to be very challenging,' Mr Jones said of the wildfire danger.

No deaths have been reported, although around 100 people have not been accounted for since last week when a fire destroyed around 90 homes in the Tasmanian town of Dunalley, east of the state capital of Hobart.

Rounding them up: A farmer checks on her sheep on burnt farmland near Bookham outside of Yass, in New South Wales. An estimated 10,000 sheep have died in the New South Wales bushfires

Rounding them up: A farmer checks on her sheep on burnt farmland near Bookham outside of Yass, in New South Wales. An estimated 10,000 sheep have died in the New South Wales bushfires

Horrific: Sheep burnt to death during a bushfire lay in a paddock near Bookham, near Canberra, in the Australian Capital Territory

Horrific: Sheep burnt to death during a bushfire lay in a paddock near Bookham, near Canberra, in the Australian Capital Territory

Evasive action: Lance Lotze (left), Lisa Lotze and Deb Jones with 25-year-old Cockatoo Oscar, all from Wandandian, on the highway after evacuating their home with their animals near the Dean's Gap fire south of Nowra

Evasive action: Lance Lotze (left), Lisa Lotze and Deb Jones with 25-year-old Cockatoo Oscar, all from Wandandian, on the highway after evacuating their home with their animals near the Dean's Gap fire south of Nowra

Cooling off: Robert Farrugia hoses down his house at Wandanian, New South Wales, as bush fires tor through the state

Cooling off: Robert Farrugia hoses down his house at Wandanian, New South Wales, as bush fires tor through the state

Clean-up operation: A property on the edge of Beaufort-Carngham Road in Carngham, Victoria, is shrouded in smoke

Clean-up operation: A property on the edge of Beaufort-Carngham Road in Carngham, Victoria, is shrouded in smoke

Scorched earth: Burnt trees from the Deans Gap fire are shown near Nowra on the south coast of Australia's New South Wales state

Scorched earth: Burnt trees from the Deans Gap fire are shown near Nowra on the south coast of Australia's New South Wales state

Today, police spokeswoman Lisa Stingel said it is likely most of those people simply have not checked in with officials. 'There are no reports of missing persons in circumstances that cause us to have grave fears for their safety at this time,' Tasmania Police Acting Commissioner Scott Tilyard said in a statement. Thousands of cattle and sheep as well as wildlife are suspected to have been killed. In Victoria state, north of Tasmania, a fire injured six people, destroyed four homes and caused the evacuation of the farming community of Carngham, Country Fire Authority operations officer Ian Morley said. Cooler conditions had brought relief to firefighters who would work through the day to build earth breaks to fully contain the fire ahead of warmer temperatures forecast for Friday, Mr Morley said.

Terrifying scale: Astronaut Chris Hadfield shot this incredible view of Australia's bushfires from the International Space Station

Terrifying scale: Astronaut Chris Hadfield shot this incredible view of Australia's bushfires from the International Space Station

Out of this world: Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield took this picture of the smoke from the Australian wildfires from the International Space Station

Out of this world: Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield took this picture of the smoke from the Australian wildfires from the International Space Station. 'We have had very mild, cool conditions overnight which is a great help to the fire suppression effort,' he said. North of Victoria in New South Wales, Australia's most populous state, firefighters were battling 141 fires, including 31 that had not yet been contained. Fires have burnt through more than 131,000 hectares of forest and farmland since yesterday. The Rural Fire Service has issued contradictory reports on whether a home was destroyed there. Fires burning out of control near the towns of Cooma, Yass and Shoalhaven were the most concerning in that state. Rural Fire Service Deputy Commissioner Rob Rogers said the cool reprieve was expected to be short-lived, with temperatures forecast to climb again by the end of the week.

Australia's Met Bureau has extended its forecast map's temperature range (far right) to 54 celsius in anticipation of record temperatures as wildfires continue to rage across south east Australia

Australia's Met Bureau has extended its forecast map's temperature range (far right) to 54 celsius in anticipation of record temperatures as wildfires continue to rage across south east Australia

Rural Fire Service (RFS) firefighters tackle a grass fire

Rural Fire Service (RFS) firefighters tackle a grass fire just outside of Gunning in New South Wales as more than 100 fires are still reported to be burning

'We don't need new fires today,' he said.

The fires have been most devastating in Tasmania where at least 128 homes have been destroyed since Friday.

Hundreds of people remain at two evacuation centres in the state's south, as fires continue to burn more than 80,000 hectares since last week.

'People have lost everything. We can't comprehend that devastation unless we are in their shoes,' Tasmanian premier Lara Giddings said. The fires have consumed over 80,000 hectares in Tasmania since last week.  Wildfires are common during the Australian summer. Fires in February 2009 killed 173 people and destroyed more than 2,000 homes in Victoria state.